Stem Cell Banking from Teeth

Many people are familiar with stem-cell banking from the umbilical cord at birth. Did you know that it is also possible to bank stem-cells bank from baby teeth and young, healthy adult teeth? This recent technology has great potential to enable treatment of diseases and aid healing and repair using an individual’s own stem cells in future years.

What are Stem Cells?

Stem Cells are the “master cells” of the body which have the potential to differentiate into various types of cell, depending on the part of the body. They are also able to self-regenerate or multiply.

There are two main types of human stem cells:

Embryonic Stem Cells are obtained from early embryos. They have the potential to become any type of cell in body. The embryos are usually donated as extra embryos following IVF treatment. However, their use is controversial as collection of the stem cells results in the destruction of the embryo.

Adult Stem Cells are found in various parts of the body. They have the potential to become various types of cells. Bone marrow, umbilical cord blood and dental pulp tissue are good sources of adult stem cells.

      What are the advantages of Dental Pulp Stem Cells?

    Stem cells from teeth are mesenchymal stem cells which have the potential to become many different types of cells in the body.

Dental stem cells are easily collected by extracting the tooth and are found in high concentrations within the tooth pulp.

There are no ethical issues, since the stem cells are harvested from teeth that would fall out naturally or are to be extracted for other reasons.

I have already banked stem cells from my child’s cord blood. Why should I also consider banking dental stem cells?

Banking dental stem cells is complimentary to cord blood banking. The stem cells obtained from the umbilical cord are hematopoietic stem cells which are able to differentiate into all types of blood cells to treat blood diseases. The stem cells from the dental pulp have a much wider range of potential therapeutic uses.

In what treatments are stem cells already being used?

The use of haematopoietic stem cells to treat diseases and conditions of the blood system, such as leukaemia and anaemia, is well established. This demonstrates how powerful stem cell therapies can be. Scientists all over the world are currently researching ways to harness other types of stem cells and use them to learn more about, to diagnose, and to treat various diseases and conditions.

What diseases can potentially be treated using stem cell therapy?

Research has shown that adult stem cells can be taken from one area of the body, transplanted into another area and reprogrammed to grow into a completely different type of tissue. 

Stem cell science is continually moving forward. 

Many potential treatments are currently being tested in animal models and some have already been brought to clinical trials:

•  Type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes
•  Treatment of spinal cord injuries
•   Neurological diseases e.g. Parkinson’s disease
• Heart disease
• Regeneration of bone, cartilage and other tissues
• Treatment of Autoimmune diseases

Which teeth can be used for stem cell banking?

Baby (milk) teeth

These should be extracted and sent for stem cell banking soon before they are due to fall out.

Healthy adult teeth

When extraction is planned to make space before orthodontic treatment.

Wisdom teeth

These are often extracted due to lack of space.


Teeth with decay are not suitable for stem cell banking.

Teeth from children and young adults usually give a better quality and quantity of stem cells than older teeth.

At Small Bites -  the exclusive dental care centre for children in Indiranagar, Bangalore - we have partnered with Stemade to offer stem-cell banking from baby teeth and young, healthy adult teeth. 

If you have any further questions please contact the practice. (Click Small Bites link above).

Further information is also available on Stemade’s website (click for link).

Is Dental Decay Contagious?

Tooth decay is the single most common chronic childhood disease, despite also being preventable.

Is dental decay a contagious disease? 

Is it possible to catch it from someone else?

In a previous post we discussed what causes dental cavities. 

To summarise, bacteria (germs) in our mouths convert sugar in food and drink that we consume into acid which damages teeth.

Bacteria live in dental plaque - a sticky film which builds up naturally on our teeth. Dental plaque contains many types of bacteria but only a small number of these cause dental decay. The main type of bacteria which causes dental caries is Mutans streptococci. Studies have shown that individuals with higher levels of Mutans streptococci are at a greater risk of cavities.

Recent research has shown that babies are not born with decay-causing bacteria. Any time after birth bacteria can be passed on from other people, especially mothers and other close caregivers. Once these bacteria are transmitted to a babies mouth, especially after the first teeth come through, they multiply and become established within dental plaque.

Bacteria can enter the baby's mouth by kissing, sharing food utensils, toothbrushes or other habits that transmit saliva.

If parents and other caregivers have cavities and poor oral hygiene they will have higher levels of decay-causing bacteria which can be passed onto their child.

The risk of a child developing cavities will be less if they are not infected with decay-causing bacteria at an early age.

Children can also "catch" bacteria from other children by sharing food and toys, but they are more likely to receive bacteria from their mother and other close relatives before this happens.

What can be done to reduce the risk?

Parents and caregivers can reduce the risk of passing on decay-causing bacteria from their own mouths by:

• cleaning their own teeth well, to reduce the amount of plaque (which contains bacteria)  in their mouths
• avoiding sugary snacks and drinks between meals which can lead to decay 
• visiting the dentist regularly for check-up and getting any cavities filled 
• avoiding sharing items such as food, spoons, cups and toothbrushes with their baby
• kissing the baby on their cheek, rather than the mouth

Questions about Local Anaesthetic

Your dentist has told you that your child needs a local anaesthetic at their next visit. You may be worried and have questions. We will discuss many of the common questions in this blog post:

What is local anaesthetic?

Local anaesthetic is a type of medicine given as an injection to temporarily numb a specific area of the mouth. 

How does it work?

Local anaesthesia blocks pain by stopping pain signals being carried by nerves to the brain. This causes a complete loss of pain sensation to a specific area, without affecting the rest of the body. Pressure sensations may still be felt.

Why is local anaesthetic (LA) used in dentistry?

Although shallow fillings can often be completed without LA, it is required for deeper cavities, treatment involving the nerve of the tooth and tooth extractions, among other procedures. Local anaesthetic makes painless procedures possible and therefore makes treatment easier and more comfortable.

What is the difference between local and general anaesthetia or sedation?

General anaesthesia (GA) is used when a patients needs to be asleep for an operation or procedure - this can only be done by a trained anaesthetist in a fully equipped hospital. 

In conscious sedation, a sedative is given either by mouth (tablet or liquid), injection, or inhalation (gas and air). The patient remains awake and responsive but is more relaxed and less anxious. Local anaesthetic is often used in addition to sedation or GA.

Local anaesthetic does not affect consciousness. Only the specific area of the body being numbed is affected.

Is Local Anaestheic safe?

Local anaesthetics are used routinely every day for dental treatment all over the world, with relatively few problems. 

As with all medication, care and attention must be taken to ensure local anaesthetic is used safely. Good dentists will use safe techniques carefully and inject slowly. To ensure a safe dose a child's size and weight need to be taken into account, as the maximum safe dose is lower for children than for adults.

Allergies to commonly used dental local anaesthetics are extremely rare. Allergies to preservatives used in LA have been known, although they are not common.

Epinephrine (adrenaline) is commonly added to local anaesthetics as it increases the duration of the numbing effect and also reduces bleeding. For patients with significant heart or thyroid problems LA without epinephrine may be used.

From what age can children be given LA?

Very young children are sometimes unable to cooperate for treatment with local anaesthetic. This is because they do not understand the numb feeling or the reason for it. With reassurance and explanation appropriate to the child's age, some children as young 3 years old can accept treatment with local anaesthetic. For young children who unable to cooperate, temporary treatment may be done to make the child comfortable until they are able to accept further treatment. If there is severe infection treatment under general anaesthetic may be required.

What if I or my child are worried about the injection?

Anxiety about injections is common and understandable. Finding a good dentist who is understanding and sympathetic will go a long way in reducing anxiety.  Relaxation or distraction techniques can be used. For very anxious patients, conscious sedation with inhaled nitrous oxide and oxygen may be an option. Talk to your dentist about your anxieties but try not to convey your worries to your child. In our experience at Small Bites we have found that the children are often are less anxious than their parents!

How can the dentist make it easier for my child?

Local anaesthetic should ideally be used when a child is cooperative and has accepted other treatment well.

Explanation and reassurance are very important. For a young child the dentist may say that they are going to give some special medicine or "sleepy juice" to make the tooth go to sleep for a while, so that they don't feel any pain while the tooth is fixed. Older children with more understanding may be told that this involves an injection.

A numbing gel placed on the gum for a couple of minutes before the injection often works very well, so that the injection is hardly felt. At Small Bites we also use a very fine needle which minimizes pain or discomfort during injection. 

It is necessary to wait 5 or 10 minutes to give the local anaesthetic time to work before starting treatment.

How long does the numb feeling last for?

This will depend on the technique used but usually between 1 and 3 hours. It should be explained to the child that their lip/cheek (and sometimes also tongue) will feel strange. The affected area will feel swollen/bigger but not look any different.

What precautions should I take after my child has had local anaesthetic?

Tell you child that the numb feeling will take some time to wear off. Care should be taken that they do not bite their lip or tongue during this time. Hot food and drink and any food that they need to chew should also be avoided until the feeling has returned.

If you have any other questions you can either talk to your dentist or leave a comment below.

Sealants

By age 19, tooth decay affects nearly 70 percent of all children. Left untreated, tooth decay, also known as cavities, may result in pain and infection.

One highly effective option to help prevent cavities is dental sealants – a thin plastic film painted on the chewing surface of teeth.


Dental sealants have been proven a safe and cost-efficient dental procedure for patients prone to cavities. Dental sealants are still underused, despite their advantages in averting tooth decay for an average of five to seven years. Studies show that many children are exceptional candidates for dental sealants. Parents should consider sealants as a preventive measure in their child's oral health.

Surveys show the majority of all cavities occur in the narrow pits and grooves of a child's newly erupted teeth because food particles and bacteria are not easily cleaned out. A risk assessment best determines if a child is a candidate for dental sealants.

Dental sealants act as a barrier to "seal-off" space between the tooth surface and any small food particles or bacteria that may otherwise cause a cavity in an "unsealed" tooth.

Paired with twice-daily brushing with a fluoridated toothpaste, a healthy diet and visiting the dentist twice a year to monitor the placed sealants are 100-percent effective in preventing cavities.

Remember that dental sealants do not protect against gum disease such as gingivitis, oral cancer or many common dental conditions. Regular dental checkups are vital to monitor overall oral health.